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Rectal polyps are abnormal growths of tissue that protrude from the surface of the rectal mucosa into the intestinal lumen. Most are asymptomatic, but some may cause symptoms such as bloody stools, prolapse, abdominal pain, or diarrhea.

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Hyperprolactinemia is a condition characterized by abnormally elevated serum prolactin levels due to various causes. It can affect both men and women, though it is more common in women. Typical clinical symptoms of hyperprolactinemia in women include menstrual irregularities, galactorrhea, infertility, and sexual dysfunction. In men, typical clinical symptoms include sexual dysfunction, decreased secondary sexual characteristics, and oligozoospermia or infertility.

Amenorrhea refers to the absence of menstruation in females or the cessation of menstruation after its establishment. It can be divided into physiological amenorrhea and pathological amenorrhea. Physiological amenorrhea refers to the absence of menstruation before puberty, during pregnancy, lactation, and after menopause, which is a normal physiological phenomenon. Clinically, amenorrhea usually refers to pathological amenorrhea, which means that a woman has not had menstruation or menstruation has stopped after puberty or after puberty but before menopause, excluding pregnancy.

Recurrent miscarriage refers to the loss of a fetus before 28 weeks of gestation in three or more consecutive pregnancies with the same partner. It is characterized by miscarriages often occurring in the same month of pregnancy, and the course of each spontaneous miscarriage is roughly similar. Maternal obesity is a high-risk factor for recurrent miscarriage.

Threatened miscarriage refers to vaginal bleeding, which may be accompanied by paroxysmal abdominal pain, occurring within 28 weeks of pregnancy. However, the cervix is not dilated, the membranes are intact, the uterine size is consistent with the gestational age, and there is no expulsion of gestational tissue. Threatened miscarriage is the earliest stage of spontaneous miscarriage, with the main symptoms being vaginal bleeding and abdominal pain.