Graves' ophthalmopathy

Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO), also known as Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) or Graves' orbitopathy, refers to orbital and local extraocular tissue lesions associated with hyperthyroidism. Although various thyroid diseases can theoretically cause eye conditions, Graves' disease is the predominant cause in clinical practice. The main manifestations include eyelid retraction, proptosis, restricted eye movement, diplopia, optic neuropathy, photophobia, eyelid lag, eyelid swelling, foreign body sensation, eye pain, tearing, blurred vision, decreased vision, or blindness. The specific causes of TAO are not yet clear, but it is currently believed that its occurrence is closely related to the following factors: Individuals with susceptible genes: There are differences in genetic susceptibility among the population. Smokers: Smoking is a clear risk factor that can cause or worsen thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. Patients undergoing iodine-131 radiotherapy: Radioactive iodine-131 therapy can significantly increase the risk of developing thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy.