Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state

Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS), also known as hyperosmolar nonketotic diabetic coma, is a severe acute complication of diabetes characterized by hyperglycemia, hypernatremia, and high plasma osmolality, leading to severe dehydration (e.g., prostration) and altered consciousness (e.g., lethargy, confusion). It commonly affects individuals aged 50 to 70, predominantly those with type 2 diabetes, and occasionally type 1 diabetes. The onset of HHS is often insidious but progresses rapidly, with most patients presenting in a comatose or shock state (manifesting as pale skin and unconsciousness) at the time of diagnosis.