Public condition directory
Browse public condition summaries from China medical resources by stable specialty category.
Dermatomyositis
Dermatomyositis is a group of autoimmune diseases primarily affecting the skin and muscles, which can also involve various internal organs, or exclusively affect the skin or muscles. It is characterized by distinctive skin and muscle lesions. This disease can occur at any age, with two peak incidences: childhood and between 40 and 60 years old.
View detailsSjögren's syndrome
Sjögren's syndrome is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease that primarily affects exocrine glands, predominantly occurring in women aged 40-50, with dry eyes and dry mouth as its main symptoms.
View detailsAnkylosing spondylitis
Ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic inflammatory disease belonging to the rheumatic and immunological diseases. The main affected areas are the sacroiliac joints, spine, and peripheral joints, accompanied by varying degrees of extra-articular manifestations such as eye, lung, intestinal, and cardiovascular lesions. Young adults are susceptible to ankylosing spondylitis, with onset typically occurring between 20 and 30 years of age.
Rheumatism
A public condition summary is being prepared.
View detailsRheumatoid arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that primarily affects peripheral joints. It is more common in women, especially middle-aged women, and is characterized by joint swelling, pain, and morning stiffness. In severe cases, it can lead to joint deformity.
View detailsSystemic lupus erythematosus
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a typical autoimmune connective tissue disease that can affect multiple systems. It is more common in women aged 15-40, and the most specific symptom is the appearance of a butterfly-shaped rash on the cheeks.
View detailsGlycated hemoglobin
The glycated hemoglobin test (also known as HbA1c or A1c test) measures the amount of glucose bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells. The results can reflect blood glucose levels over the past 2 to 3 months. The following groups of people need to undergo glycated hemoglobin testing: Glycated hemoglobin can be used to assess the severity of diabetes and help guide treatment adjustments. Patients diagnosed with diabetes need regular glycated hemoglobin tests. If elevated blood glucose is found for the first time, glycated hemoglobin should also be checked during the visit. If glycated hemoglobin exceeds the normal range, it indicates that blood glucose has been elevated for at least 2 to 3 months. If glycated hemoglobin is still within the normal range, it indicates that the blood glucose elevation is short-term. This can help differentiate acute blood glucose elevation conditions, such as fulminant type 1 diabetes and stress-induced hyperglycemia. What should be the target glycated hemoglobin level for diabetic patients? The target glycated hemoglobin level varies for different types of diabetic patients. For most non-pregnant adult patients with type 2 diabetes, glycated hemoglobin should be controlled to < 7.0%. For type 2 diabetic patients with a short disease course, who are young, without complications, and without coexisting cardiovascular disease, blood glucose can be controlled to near normal levels, with glycated hemoglobin controlled to < 6.5%, provided that this does not lead to hypoglycemia. For patients with a history of severe hypoglycemia, elderly individuals, those with significant diabetic complications, or those with other severe coexisting diseases, or a very long duration of diabetes, who find it difficult to achieve conventional treatment goals despite diabetes self-management education, appropriate blood glucose monitoring, and effective doses of multiple hypoglycemic medications including insulin therapy, the glycated hemoglobin target can be relaxed to < 8.0%. For patients with type 1 diabetes, glycated hemoglobin should be controlled to < 7.5% during childhood and adolescence, and < 7.0% in adulthood, with avoiding hypoglycemia being an important prerequisite. For pregnant women diagnosed with gestational diabetes during pregnancy, glycated hemoglobin should be controlled to below 5.5% during pregnancy. For pregnant women diagnosed with diabetes before pregnancy, glycated hemoglobin should be controlled to below 6.0% during pregnancy.
View detailsUric acid
Uric acid is the end product of purine metabolism in the human body, primarily derived from the breakdown of nucleic acids from old cells, other purine compounds, and purines from food. Uric acid is mainly excreted from the body through the kidneys. Uric acid tests can be performed through blood or urine: Blood test: This is more common and involves drawing blood to measure blood uric acid levels. Urine test: Patients with hyperuricemia or gout also need to undergo urine uric acid testing. This helps assess whether the condition is due to decreased uric acid excretion or increased uric acid production, which is crucial for clinical subtyping of hyperuricemia and gout and guiding medication.
View detailsCalcemia
A blood calcium test measures the amount of calcium in the blood. Over 99% of the body's calcium is stored in bones as calcium phosphate or calcium carbonate, with the remaining approximately 1% found in soft tissues and extracellular fluid. The amount of calcium in the blood is very small and primarily exists as protein-bound calcium, complexed calcium (calcium bound to anions), and free calcium. Blood calcium levels are usually tightly regulated. When blood calcium levels are low (hypocalcemia), bones release more calcium to help restore normal levels. When blood calcium levels are high (hypercalcemia), excess calcium is stored in bones or excreted in urine or feces. The body's calcium levels typically depend on several factors: Dietary calcium intake. Intestinal absorption of calcium and vitamin D. Phosphate levels in the body. Levels of certain hormones in the body, such as parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and estrogen.
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