Public condition directory
Browse public condition summaries from China medical resources by stable specialty category.
Water intoxication
Water intoxication refers to a clinical syndrome caused by excessive intake or infusion of water, leading to water retention in the body that cannot be excreted, resulting in decreased plasma osmolality and increased circulating blood volume.
View detailsHemobilirubin
A blood bilirubin test measures the amount of bilirubin in a blood sample. Bilirubin is a bile pigment produced when the liver breaks down old red blood cells. Bilirubin is then excreted in the feces, giving them their normal color. When bilirubin levels are too high, the skin and whites of the eyes may turn yellow (jaundice). Jaundice can be caused by liver diseases (hepatitis), blood disorders (hemolytic anemia), or blocked bile ducts. Bilirubin exists in two forms in the blood: Indirect bilirubin (unconjugated bilirubin): This form of bilirubin is not water-soluble and travels through the blood to the liver, where it is converted into water-soluble bilirubin (direct bilirubin or conjugated bilirubin). Direct bilirubin (conjugated bilirubin): Direct bilirubin is water-soluble and is formed in the liver from indirect bilirubin. Total bilirubin and direct bilirubin levels can be measured directly in the blood, while indirect bilirubin levels are derived from the measurements of total and direct bilirubin. Clinically, measuring bilirubin levels in the blood can help detect certain blood or liver diseases.
View detailsHepatitis B serologic markers
Hepatitis B serologic markers, also known as "Hepatitis B five items" or "Hepatitis B two pairs and a half," are the most commonly used serum markers in China for detecting Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. They include: Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) Hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs) Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) Hepatitis B e antibody (anti-HBe) Hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc) These five indicators, in different combinations, represent different clinical significances. Common results are as follows: 1, 3 positive, others negative: Indicates that the patient is in the early stage of acute Hepatitis B infection, with active viral replication and strong infectivity. 1, 3, 5 positive, others negative: Formerly known as "big three positive," indicates that the patient has acute or chronic Hepatitis B, with active viral replication and strong infectivity. 1, 5 positive, others negative: Indicates that the patient has acute Hepatitis B or is a chronic Hepatitis B virus carrier, with weakened viral replication and weak infectivity. 1, 4, 5 positive, others negative: Formerly known as "small three positive," indicates that the patient has acute or chronic Hepatitis B, with weakened viral replication and relatively weak infectivity. 5 positive, others negative: Indicates that the patient may have had a past Hepatitis B virus infection, but anti-HBs was not detected or produced; or the patient is in the recovery phase, with HBsAg having disappeared and anti-HBs not yet appearing; or the patient is an asymptomatic HBsAg carrier. 4, 5 positive, others negative: Indicates that the patient is in the recovery phase of Hepatitis B virus infection. 2, 5 positive, others negative: Indicates that the patient is in the recovery phase of Hepatitis B virus infection and has acquired immunity. 1, 2, 3, 5 positive, 4 negative: Indicates re-infection with different subtypes of Hepatitis B virus. 1 positive, others negative: Indicates that Hepatitis B virus DNA is in the integration phase, in the latent period, and is infectious. 2 positive, others negative: Indicates that the patient has acquired immunity after illness or vaccination. 3, 5 positive, others negative: Is the result of HBsAg variation. 1, 2, 4 positive, others negative: Is the result of HBsAg and HBeAg variation. 2, 4, 5 positive, others negative: Indicates that the patient is in the recovery phase of Hepatitis B and has acquired immunity. All five negative: Indicates that the patient has not been infected with Hepatitis B virus and does not have protective antibodies.
View detailsLiver function
Liver function tests (LFTs) are a group of biochemical tests that measure various indicators related to liver function and metabolism to assess the basic condition of the liver. LFTs include many different tests: Transaminases: These tests reflect liver cell damage. Transaminases are normally found inside cells. When liver cells are damaged, they are released into the bloodstream in large quantities. A blood test will then show transaminase levels above the normal range. Bilirubin: When red blood cells in the blood die, they produce indirect bilirubin. This is then converted by the liver into direct bilirubin, most of which enters the bile and flows into the duodenum to help the body absorb fats and proteins. When hemolysis occurs, or when there are problems with the biliary system, bilirubin levels in the blood will abnormally increase. Proteins: Certain protein components in the blood can reflect the liver's biosynthetic capacity. When liver function is impaired, the liver's biosynthetic capacity decreases. The most commonly used proteins to assess liver biosynthetic capacity include serum albumin and thrombin. Liver fibrosis markers: These mainly include procollagen type III (PⅢP), hyaluronic acid (HA), and laminin (LN). These markers are helpful in diagnosing liver fibrosis and early cirrhosis. Not every test item needs to be performed. Doctors usually select a group or a few of these tests based on the patient's medical history and symptoms.
View detailsCutaneous tuberculosis
Cutaneous tuberculosis is a chronic skin disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, commonly occurring on the face, limbs, buttocks, and neck. It is closely related to systemic tuberculosis infection and is often accompanied by pulmonary, lymphatic, or bone tuberculosis, thus often considered a cutaneous manifestation of systemic tuberculosis. The main symptoms include the appearance of papules, nodules, verrucous plaques, ulcers, scars, and subcutaneous nodules on the skin.
View detailsJoint tuberculosis
Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which generally cannot directly invade bones and joints. Therefore, the vast majority of bone and joint lesions are secondary. About 90% of joint tuberculosis is secondary to pulmonary tuberculosis, with a small number secondary to intestinal tuberculosis or lymph node tuberculosis. It commonly affects the spine, hip joint, and knee joint, while the ankle, shoulder, elbow, and wrist joints are less commonly affected. This disease is more common in children and adolescents. The main symptoms include localized pain, swelling, and limited range of motion in the affected joint, as well as symptoms of the primary tuberculosis.
View detailsBone tuberculosis
Osteoarticular tuberculosis is a secondary infectious disease caused by the invasion of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (the bacterium that causes tuberculosis) into bones or joints. It can occur in people of any age, and symptoms include low-grade fever, night sweats, fatigue, weight loss, as well as localized pain, swelling, and muscle spasms.
View detailsRotor syndrome
Rotor syndrome is a rare form of jaundice that typically manifests in childhood or adolescence. The pathogenesis involves impaired hepatocellular transport and excretion of bilirubin, leading to the reflux of bilirubin into the bloodstream, an increase in conjugated bilirubin, and subsequent jaundice. This is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder, with almost all affected individuals being under 20 years of age, and no significant difference between sexes. Approximately half of the patients are asymptomatic. General symptoms are usually mild and may include fatigue, upper abdominal or hepatic pain, and pruritus. Jaundice is persistent but can fluctuate.
View detailsArachnoiditis
Alagille syndrome, also known as congenital intrahepatic cholestasis, is a multi-systemic, autosomal dominant genetic disorder. It was first reported by Alagille et al. in 1969 and further elaborated in 1975. The reported incidence of Alagille syndrome abroad is approximately 1/70,000. In recent years, there has been increasing attention to this disease in China, and studies have found that it is also one of the important causes of chronic cholestasis in Chinese children. The disease is characterized by five typical features: cholestasis due to intrahepatic bile duct paucity, cardiac abnormalities, ocular abnormalities, skeletal abnormalities, and characteristic facial features (e.g., prominent forehead). The diagnosis can be made if three or more of these features are present.
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