Medical Imaging

Medical ImagingMedical Imaging

Radiodiagnosis

Radiological diagnosis refers to the use of X-rays, gamma rays from radionuclides, etc., which penetrate the human body, causing internal structures and organs to appear as images on a fluorescent screen or film, thereby understanding the morphological structure, physiological functions, and pathological changes of the human body. Radiological diagnostic techniques mainly include X-ray diagnosis, DSA, CT, PET/CT, and SPECT. X-ray X-ray is a type of electromagnetic wave with a very short wavelength, used as one of the auxiliary examination methods in medicine. The radiation dose from conventional diagnostic X-ray examinations is very small, limited to a safe range, and the probability of carcinogenesis is negligible. There is no need to worry about radiation and refuse the examination. Common X-ray examination methods include fluoroscopy and radiography. Fluoroscopy: More economical and convenient, and allows for multi-directional observation by freely changing the examined area, but it cannot leave objective records and it is difficult to distinguish details. Radiography: Can clearly display the structure of the examined area on an X-ray film, and can be preserved as an objective record for a long time, allowing for study when needed or comparison during re-examination. DSA DSA, or Digital Subtraction Angiography, involves digitizing two X-ray images taken before and after contrast agent injection into an image computer. Through subtraction, enhancement, and re-imaging processes, clear pure vascular images are obtained, while simultaneously displaying the vascular shadows in real-time. It can observe the course of blood vessels, and detect displacement, occlusion, and abnormal blood vessels. It is divided into two types: cerebral angiography and spinal angiography. CT CT, or Computed Tomography, uses X-rays to perform tomographic examinations of the human body, providing clear cross-sectional images of human anatomical structures. During the examination, the patient lies flat on the CT scanning bed, and the scanner rotates to capture cross-sectional images of organs or specific body parts. All images are stored in the PACS system for retrieval, disease diagnosis, and printing. PET/CT PET: Positron Emission Tomography, is a molecular imaging device for functional metabolic imaging, which can detect subtle lesions without any clinical symptoms. PET/CT: Full name is Positron Emission Tomography/X-ray Computed Tomography. It organically combines PET and CT equipment, using the same examination bed and the same image processing workstation. It can simultaneously reflect the pathophysiological changes and morphological structure of lesions, clearly, accurately, and comprehensively reflecting the pathological conditions of all organs throughout the human body. SPECT SPECT, or Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography, is a technique that involves intravenously injecting the osteophilic radioactive drug 99mTc-MDP into the body, followed by whole-body imaging with a SPECT device 2 to 4 hours later. Its principle is to image the gamma rays emitted by the tracer from the patient's body. It can relatively clearly display the morphology of the entire skeleton and reflect the blood supply and metabolic status of the bones. Due to the insufficient clarity of SPECT imaging, standalone SPECT imaging is gradually being replaced by SPECT/CT.

Medical ImagingMedical Imaging

Radiation sickness

Radiation sickness refers to the damage caused to the human body by a large amount of radiation, which can be divided into acute and chronic radiation sickness. Acute radiation sickness is a systemic disease caused by a single or fractionated exposure to a large dose of ionizing radiation over a short period (a few days). Chronic radiation sickness is a systemic disease caused by continuous or intermittent exposure to high doses of external radiation over a longer period, reaching a certain cumulative dose, primarily characterized by hematopoietic tissue damage and accompanied by changes in other systems. This article mainly focuses on acute radiation sickness. According to the radiation dose received and clinical characteristics, acute radiation sickness is mainly divided into three types: bone marrow type, gastrointestinal type, and cerebrovascular type.

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Medical ImagingUltrasound Department

Biopsy

Puncture biopsy mainly refers to the collection of corresponding tissues through puncture under the guidance of imaging and then performing pathological and cytological examinations to clarify the tissue condition. It is of great significance for both tumors and inflammatory diseases.

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Medical ImagingUltrasound Department

Ultrasonic diagnosis

Ultrasonic diagnosis utilizes the good resolution of ultrasound waves in human soft tissues to identify minute lesions within biological tissues, easily obtaining the required images. Ultrasonic diagnosis is a non-invasive examination technique without radiation damage. There are 4 types of ultrasonic diagnostic methods: A-mode: Currently rarely used, it can occasionally be applied in ophthalmology for relevant examinations. B-mode: This is the most commonly used imaging method in clinical practice. It is intuitive and clear, allowing visualization of various cross-sectional images of internal organs and making it relatively easy to detect small lesions. It serves as the basis for other types of examination methods and enables early diagnosis of diseases in organs such as the liver, spleen, gallbladder, pancreas, kidneys, and bladder. M-mode: Primarily used for diagnosing various heart diseases, such as congenital and acquired heart conditions, and for assessing cardiac function. Doppler ultrasound: This method can detect the speed and direction of blood flow, aiding in the diagnosis of various heart and vascular diseases.

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PediatricsPediatric Cardiology

Diagnosis of fetal congenital heart disease

The most important diagnostic method for fetal congenital heart disease is a systematic ultrasound examination, commonly known as a detailed anomaly scan. This is typically performed during the second trimester, between 20 and 26 weeks of gestation, with 22-24 weeks being the optimal time for a systematic ultrasound. During this period, various malformations in different parts of the fetal body can be detected, and congenital heart disease is also screened for at this time.

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Obstetrics and GynecologyGynecology

Fallopian tube obstruction

Tubal obstruction is a partial or complete blockage of the fallopian tubes caused by various factors such as infection, injury, inflammation, and pelvic adhesions. It is common in young women and often presents without obvious symptoms, but can lead to infertility.

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SurgeryGeneral Surgery

Thyroid ultrasound

Thyroid ultrasound, also known as thyroid color Doppler flow imaging, is an examination that indirectly detects the thyroid gland using an ultrasound probe. Thyroid color ultrasound can display the morphology and structure of the thyroid gland. When the thyroid gland is diseased, many lesions can be detected by ultrasound examination, making it the preferred clinical method for diagnosing thyroid diseases. Interpretation of common abnormal results in thyroid ultrasound reports Rich blood flow signals within the thyroid gland: Both Graves' disease and early Hashimoto's thyroiditis can show rich blood flow signals within the thyroid gland. If there are rich blood flow signals within a nodule, it is necessary to be alert to the possibility of malignancy (thyroid cancer), but rich blood flow signals alone cannot determine that the nodule is malignant; other manifestations also need to be considered. Microcalcifications Microcalcifications refer to punctate hyperechoic foci ≤ 1 mm, which are specific indicators for diagnosing thyroid cancer. If microcalcifications are observed on ultrasound, thyroid cancer should be highly suspected, and further examinations, such as thyroid fine-needle aspiration biopsy, should be performed under the guidance of a doctor. If a single nodule with microcalcifications is found in a young patient (under 40 years old), the possibility of malignancy is greater. Which thyroid ultrasound findings require vigilance for thyroid cancer? Microcalcifications within the nodule Nodule aspect ratio > 1 Nodule presenting as solid hypoechoic Irregular nodule shape Rich blood flow signals within the nodule, etc. Interpretation of thyroid color ultrasound TI-RADS classification results TI-RADS 1: Normal thyroid TI-RADS 2: Benign nodule TI-RADS 3: Nodule is possibly benign TI-RADS 4: Nodule is suspicious for malignancy TI-RADS 5: Nodule is possibly malignant, with 1-2 ultrasound features suggestive of malignancy, such as hypoechogenicity, microcalcifications, aspect ratio > 1, lobulated or irregular margins, etc. TI-RADS 6: Nodule has been proven malignant by biopsy

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SurgeryVascular Surgery

Hemangioma

Hemangioma is a common type of vascular neoplastic lesion characterized by abnormal proliferation of vascular endothelial cells. It encompasses a broad category of diseases with diverse morphologies and manifestations, including benign tumors, borderline tumors, and malignant tumors. Different types of hemangiomas vary significantly in their pathogenesis, development, prognosis, and treatment. Hemangiomas are common in infants and young children, and adults aged 30-50. Infantile hemangioma is a congenital benign tumor originating from vascular endothelial cells, with most cases occurring in the head and neck region.

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SurgeryHepatobiliary Surgery

Liver cancer intervention

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