Traditional Chinese Medicine - Page 13

Internal MedicineHematology

Myeloproliferative neoplasms

Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are a group of hematologic disorders characterized by the clonal proliferation of one or more myeloid cell lines that are relatively mature. These are malignant neoplastic diseases of the hematopoietic system, leading to systemic dysfunction and multi-organ failure. MPNs are generally classified into four types based on the predominant proliferating cell line: Polycythemia vera (PV): Characterized by predominant proliferation of the erythroid lineage. It commonly affects individuals around 60 years of age, with a slight male predominance. Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML): Characterized by predominant proliferation of the granulocytic lineage. It primarily affects middle-aged and elderly individuals and is rare in children. Essential thrombocythemia (ET): Characterized by predominant proliferation of the megakaryocytic lineage. It mainly occurs in middle-aged individuals. Primary myelofibrosis (PMF): Characterized by predominant proliferation of fibroblastic cells. It mostly affects middle-aged and elderly individuals. As the disease progresses, some MPNs can transform into other diseases or interconvert between various subtypes. Common symptoms include fever, fatigue, weakness, hepatosplenomegaly, bleeding, anemia, and bone pain.

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Internal MedicineHematology

Hematologic diseases

A public condition summary is being prepared.

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Internal MedicineHematology

Leukopenia

Leukocytes, commonly known as white blood cells, are a component of blood. There are five main types of leukocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes, with neutrophils being the most abundant. Leukocytes primarily function to resist the invasion of pathogens in the human body. The normal total leukocyte count is (4.0 ~ 10.0) × 10^9/L. When the peripheral blood leukocyte count consistently falls below 4.0 × 10^9/L, it is termed leukopenia. Since neutrophils constitute the majority of leukocytes, leukopenia is, in most cases, caused by neutropenia.

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Internal MedicineHematology

Myelodysplastic Syndromes

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a group of neoplastic diseases originating from hematopoietic stem cells. They are primarily characterized by abnormal bone marrow hematopoiesis and abnormal blood cell development, leading to refractory cytopenia, hematopoietic failure, and a high risk of transformation to acute leukemia.

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Internal MedicineHematology

Aplastic anemia

Aplastic anemia is a group of diseases characterized by bone marrow hematopoietic failure caused by various etiologies. It can occur at all ages, with a relatively higher incidence in young adults and the elderly. The main manifestations are anemia, bleeding, and infection.

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Internal MedicineHematology

Anemia

Anemia is not an independent disease. Strictly speaking, it refers to a state where the blood's oxygen-carrying capacity is reduced, leading to insufficient oxygen supply to tissues and tissue hypoxia. Generally, it refers to a common condition where the peripheral blood red cell volume is reduced, including hemoglobin content, red blood cell count, and hematocrit falling below the lower limit of the normal range. The diagnostic criteria for anemia in China are: at sea level, hemoglobin (Hb) < 120g/L for adult males; Hb < 110g/L for adult females (non-pregnant); and Hb < 100g/L for pregnant women.

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Internal MedicineNephrology

Membranous nephropathy

Membranous nephropathy is a pathological diagnosis defined by characteristic histopathological changes in the kidney. Its characteristic pathological changes include immune complex deposition on the epithelial side of the glomerular capillary loops and thickening of the basement membrane. Membranous nephropathy is a common glomerular disease causing nephrotic syndrome in middle-aged and elderly individuals, with a peak incidence between 45 and 65 years of age. It is more common in males than females and rare in children.

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Internal MedicineNephrology

Hypertensive nephropathy

Hypertensive nephropathy is kidney structural and functional damage caused by essential hypertension, and it is a major type of secondary nephropathy. Common symptoms of this disease include proteinuria, edema, and nocturia.

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Internal MedicineNephrology

Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis

Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis is a type of Henoch-Schönlein purpura, characterized by kidney damage occurring on the basis of allergic purpura caused by an allergic reaction. The main pathological change of this disease is systemic necrotizing vasculitis, which also affects the kidneys, characterized by skin purpura, hemorrhagic enteritis, arthritis, and kidney damage. This disease is more common in children; both males and females can be affected, with a higher incidence in males than in females; it can occur in all seasons, with a higher incidence in spring and autumn.

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