Public condition directory

Surgery

Browse public condition summaries from China medical resources by stable specialty category.

771 conditionsPage 28 of 86

SurgeryUrology

Epispadias

Epispadias is a congenital malformation of the external urethral orifice caused by a dorsal fusion defect of the urethra. Since congenital epispadias often co-occurs with bladder exstrophy, it can be embryologically considered part of bladder exstrophy. Male epispadias can be classified into the following three types: Glanular type: The external urethral orifice opens on the dorsal side of the wide and flat glans penis, and urinary incontinence is rare. Penile type: The external urethral orifice opens between the pubic symphysis and the coronal sulcus. The urethral opening is wide and trumpet-shaped, and the distal end of the external urethral orifice forms a groove extending to the glans penis. Penopubic type: The urethral orifice opens at the pubic symphysis. There is a complete urethral groove on the dorsal side of the penis extending to the glans penis, often accompanied by bladder exstrophy. Female epispadias can be classified into the following three types: Mild type (clitoral type): The urethral opening is wide. Moderate type (subpubic type): Most of the dorsal urethra is split. Severe type (complete type): The entire dorsal urethra is split and accompanied by urinary incontinence. This condition is more common in males, with a male-to-female ratio of approximately 3:1. The main symptoms include abnormal urethral opening position, genital malformation, and possible urinary incontinence.

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SurgeryUrology

Bladder stones

Bladder stones are urinary tract stones located in the bladder. They can form in the bladder or be kidney or ureteral stones that enter the bladder with urine. Typical symptoms of bladder stones include sudden interruption of urination, pain in the urethra and glans penis, and difficulty urinating. The pain may be relieved, and urine can be passed after running, jumping, or changing urination posture. The incidence of bladder stones varies significantly by region, ethnicity, and age, which is closely related to living standards, lifestyle, and infant feeding practices. In economically developed areas, bladder stones primarily occur in elderly men, often accompanied by benign prostatic hyperplasia or urethral stricture; while in impoverished areas, they are more common in children.

Surgery

Epispadias

Bladder stones

Renal pelvis tumor

Ureteral tumor

Urethral calculi

Renal hamartoma

Vesical fistula

Testicular torsion

Kidney abscess