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Browse public condition summaries from China medical resources by stable specialty category.

2553 conditionsPage 2 of 284

Other DepartmentsEmergency Department

Vitamin D toxicity

Vitamin D toxicity

Vitamin D toxicity is an iatrogenic disease. It is primarily caused by misdiagnosis and excessive use of vitamin D preparations, such as cod liver oil, vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol), vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol), and calciferol with calcium, during the prevention and treatment of rickets. The resulting hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia can lead to a series of symptoms such as irritability and nausea, as well as calcification of soft tissues and kidneys.

Other DepartmentsEmergency Department

Rabies

Rabies

Rabies is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by the rabies virus, primarily characterized by damage to the central nervous system. Humans, livestock, and wild animals can all be infected with the rabies virus. Due to hydrophobia being the most characteristic symptom of rabies, it is commonly known as "hydrophobia." Once rabies develops, there is no effective treatment, and it is almost 100% fatal. Most patients die within 3 to 5 days, with very few surviving beyond 2 weeks.

Other DepartmentsIntensive Care Unit

Central respiratory failure

Central respiratory failure

Central respiratory failure refers to respiratory failure caused by direct or secondary damage to the respiratory center (medulla oblongata, pons, and thalamus), or by spinal cord diseases leading to damage to spinal motor neurons. It is mainly characterized by changes in respiratory rate, irregular respiratory rhythm, and disturbance of consciousness.

Other DepartmentsIntensive Care Unit

Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome

Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome

Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) is a clinical syndrome characterized by the simultaneous or sequential failure of two or more organs, which cannot maintain internal environmental stability without intervention. It results from a severe, uncontrolled, self-destructive systemic inflammatory response triggered by severe injuries such as infection, trauma, major surgery, or poisoning. This response leads to excessive cytokine production, microcirculatory disturbances, bacterial and endotoxin translocation from the gut, and excessive complement activation. Key symptoms include progressive dyspnea, cyanosis, edema, oliguria, anuria, and shock.

PathologyPathology

Pathological diagnosis

Pathological diagnosis

Pathological diagnosis involves sending diseased tissues or secretions to the pathology department, where a pathologist examines them under a microscope to identify abnormal changes in cells or tissue structures on the slide, thereby confirming the disease. It is considered the "gold standard" for tumor diagnosis, providing crucial information for doctors to determine the benign or malignant nature of a tumor and its pathological staging.

Medical ImagingMedical Imaging

Radiodiagnosis

Radiodiagnosis

Radiological diagnosis refers to the use of X-rays, gamma rays from radionuclides, etc., which penetrate the human body, causing internal structures and organs to appear as images on a fluorescent screen or film, thereby understanding the morphological structure, physiological functions, and pathological changes of the human body. Radiological diagnostic techniques mainly include X-ray diagnosis, DSA, CT, PET/CT, and SPECT. X-ray X-ray is a type of electromagnetic wave with a very short wavelength, used as one of the auxiliary examination methods in medicine. The radiation dose from conventional diagnostic X-ray examinations is very small, limited to a safe range, and the probability of carcinogenesis is negligible. There is no need to worry about radiation and refuse the examination. Common X-ray examination methods include fluoroscopy and radiography. Fluoroscopy: More economical and convenient, and allows for multi-directional observation by freely changing the examined area, but it cannot leave objective records and it is difficult to distinguish details. Radiography: Can clearly display the structure of the examined area on an X-ray film, and can be preserved as an objective record for a long time, allowing for study when needed or comparison during re-examination. DSA DSA, or Digital Subtraction Angiography, involves digitizing two X-ray images taken before and after contrast agent injection into an image computer. Through subtraction, enhancement, and re-imaging processes, clear pure vascular images are obtained, while simultaneously displaying the vascular shadows in real-time. It can observe the course of blood vessels, and detect displacement, occlusion, and abnormal blood vessels. It is divided into two types: cerebral angiography and spinal angiography. CT CT, or Computed Tomography, uses X-rays to perform tomographic examinations of the human body, providing clear cross-sectional images of human anatomical structures. During the examination, the patient lies flat on the CT scanning bed, and the scanner rotates to capture cross-sectional images of organs or specific body parts. All images are stored in the PACS system for retrieval, disease diagnosis, and printing. PET/CT PET: Positron Emission Tomography, is a molecular imaging device for functional metabolic imaging, which can detect subtle lesions without any clinical symptoms. PET/CT: Full name is Positron Emission Tomography/X-ray Computed Tomography. It organically combines PET and CT equipment, using the same examination bed and the same image processing workstation. It can simultaneously reflect the pathophysiological changes and morphological structure of lesions, clearly, accurately, and comprehensively reflecting the pathological conditions of all organs throughout the human body. SPECT SPECT, or Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography, is a technique that involves intravenously injecting the osteophilic radioactive drug 99mTc-MDP into the body, followed by whole-body imaging with a SPECT device 2 to 4 hours later. Its principle is to image the gamma rays emitted by the tracer from the patient's body. It can relatively clearly display the morphology of the entire skeleton and reflect the blood supply and metabolic status of the bones. Due to the insufficient clarity of SPECT imaging, standalone SPECT imaging is gradually being replaced by SPECT/CT.

Medical ImagingMedical Imaging

Radiation sickness

Radiation sickness

Radiation sickness refers to the damage caused to the human body by a large amount of radiation, which can be divided into acute and chronic radiation sickness. Acute radiation sickness is a systemic disease caused by a single or fractionated exposure to a large dose of ionizing radiation over a short period (a few days). Chronic radiation sickness is a systemic disease caused by continuous or intermittent exposure to high doses of external radiation over a longer period, reaching a certain cumulative dose, primarily characterized by hematopoietic tissue damage and accompanied by changes in other systems. This article mainly focuses on acute radiation sickness. According to the radiation dose received and clinical characteristics, acute radiation sickness is mainly divided into three types: bone marrow type, gastrointestinal type, and cerebrovascular type.

Medical ImagingUltrasound Department

Biopsy

Biopsy

Puncture biopsy mainly refers to the collection of corresponding tissues through puncture under the guidance of imaging and then performing pathological and cytological examinations to clarify the tissue condition. It is of great significance for both tumors and inflammatory diseases.

Medical ImagingUltrasound Department

Ultrasonic diagnosis

Ultrasonic diagnosis

Ultrasonic diagnosis utilizes the good resolution of ultrasound waves in human soft tissues to identify minute lesions within biological tissues, easily obtaining the required images. Ultrasonic diagnosis is a non-invasive examination technique without radiation damage. There are 4 types of ultrasonic diagnostic methods: A-mode: Currently rarely used, it can occasionally be applied in ophthalmology for relevant examinations. B-mode: This is the most commonly used imaging method in clinical practice. It is intuitive and clear, allowing visualization of various cross-sectional images of internal organs and making it relatively easy to detect small lesions. It serves as the basis for other types of examination methods and enables early diagnosis of diseases in organs such as the liver, spleen, gallbladder, pancreas, kidneys, and bladder. M-mode: Primarily used for diagnosing various heart diseases, such as congenital and acquired heart conditions, and for assessing cardiac function. Doppler ultrasound: This method can detect the speed and direction of blood flow, aiding in the diagnosis of various heart and vascular diseases.