Infectious Diseases - Page 2

Obstetrics and GynecologyObstetrics and Gynecology

Genital tuberculosis

Genital tuberculosis is an inflammation of the female reproductive organs caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, also known as pelvic tuberculosis or tuberculous pelvic inflammatory disease. This disease is primarily secondary to tuberculosis in other parts of the patient's body and is common in young and middle-aged women aged 20-40 years. The main manifestations include infertility, menstrual abnormalities, lower abdominal pain, and fever.

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Obstetrics and GynecologyObstetrics

Hepatitis in pregnancy

Hepatitis in pregnancy refers to an infectious disease caused by hepatitis viruses that women contract during pregnancy. It can also occur when a woman with pre-existing hepatitis experiences worsening of the condition due to the interaction between pregnancy and hepatitis. The most common types of hepatitis in pregnancy are hepatitis B and hepatitis A. Pregnant women with hepatitis are highly likely to transmit the hepatitis virus to their newborns. Newborns can contract different types of hepatitis through the following ways: If hepatitis A is contracted during pregnancy, it is primarily transmitted through the digestive tract, and the likelihood of placental transmission to the fetus is generally low. However, newborns may become infected during delivery by contact with maternal blood, aspiration of amniotic fluid, or contamination with meconium. If hepatitis B is contracted during pregnancy, it can be transmitted vertically from mother to child, during and after delivery. If hepatitis C is contracted during pregnancy, mother-to-child transmission only occurs when there are high titers of the hepatitis virus in the serum. If a pregnant woman contracts hepatitis C in late pregnancy, the incidence of mother-to-child transmission increases. The transmission routes for hepatitis D in pregnancy are the same as those for hepatitis B.

SurgeryGeneral Surgery

Cervical lymphadenitis tuberculosis

Cervical lymph node tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium infection. It affects the cervical lymph nodes, leading to structural damage, inflammation, and necrosis of the lymphatic tissue. The typical symptom is enlarged cervical lymph nodes.

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SurgeryHepatobiliary Surgery

Cholestasis syndrome

Cholestasis syndrome, also known as cholestasis, refers to the impairment of bile production or flow caused by various intrahepatic and extrahepatic factors, preventing the normal flow of bile to the duodenum. This leads to the accumulation of substances that should be excreted in bile (such as conjugated bilirubin, bile acids, cholesterol, and alkaline phosphatase) in the blood, resulting in a series of clinical manifestations. The main symptoms include pruritus, steatorrhea due to malabsorption of fat-soluble nutrients, osteoporosis, and xanthomas.

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SurgeryHepatobiliary Surgery

Jaundice

Jaundice refers to the phenomenon of yellowing of the sclera (whites of the eyes), skin, mucous membranes, and urine due to elevated bilirubin levels in the serum. In a healthy individual, serum bilirubin concentration should be below 17.1 μmol/L. When bilirubin concentration is between 17.1 and 34.2 μmol/L, it is not easily detectable by the naked eye and is referred to as latent jaundice. When bilirubin concentration exceeds 34.2 μmol/L, more obvious signs of jaundice appear, known as overt jaundice. Jaundice is not a standalone disease but rather a common manifestation of various underlying conditions.

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SurgeryUrology

Genitourinary tuberculosis

Urinary tract tuberculosis is one of the most common extrapulmonary tuberculosis diseases. It is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis invading the urinary system. Most of these diseases first occur in the kidneys and then develop downwards along the urinary tract.

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SurgeryUrology

Renal tuberculosis

Renal tuberculosis refers to a tuberculous infection of the kidney, which mostly occurs in young and middle-aged adults between 20 and 40 years old, with a slightly higher incidence in males than females. Typical symptoms include frequent urination, urgency, and painful urination, and hematuria and low back pain may also occur.

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SurgeryThoracic Surgery

Tuberculosis of chest wall

Chest wall tuberculosis refers to tuberculous lesions of the ribs, sternum, and soft tissues of the chest wall secondary to pulmonary or pleural tuberculosis infection, belonging to a type of secondary tuberculous infection. This disease is more common in young and middle-aged people, with males more affected than females. The main symptoms include low-grade fever, fatigue, and night sweats.

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SurgeryNeurosurgery

Tuberculoma of the central nervous system

Central nervous system tuberculoma refers to caseous necrosis and granulomatous lesions caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis entering the spinal cord or brain. Imaging examinations suggest an intracranial space-occupying lesion, resembling a tumor, hence the name tuberculoma. It is not a true tumor but a special type of tuberculosis. Patients with tuberculoma, in addition to symptoms related to tuberculosis, may also experience central nervous system symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and seizures.

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