Public condition directory
Browse public condition summaries from China medical resources by stable specialty category.
Hyperthyroidism
Hyperthyroidism, also known as thyrotoxicosis, is a condition caused by excessive production of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland. This disease is common in young adults, with a higher incidence in females. Main symptoms include heat intolerance, excessive sweating, palpitations, hand tremors, increased appetite, and weight loss.
View detailsDiabetes
Diabetes is a group of chronic metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia caused by multiple etiologies, resulting from defects in insulin secretion and/or utilization. Typical manifestations of diabetes include "three polys and one less": polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, and weight loss, as well as high blood glucose and glycosuria. It is mainly divided into four types: type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes, and other specific types of diabetes. China has the largest number of people with diabetes globally. The latest epidemiological data from 2013 showed that the prevalence of diabetes in China was 10.9%. Over the past 30 years, the prevalence of diabetes in China has increased sharply, with type 2 diabetes being particularly prominent, accounting for over 90% of the total number of people with diabetes.
View detailsCorrosive injury of esophagus
A public condition summary is being prepared.
Peroral endoscopic myotomy
A public condition summary is being prepared.
View detailsOccult blood in stool
Fecal occult blood refers to bleeding in the digestive tract that is not visible to the naked eye in the stool due to the small amount of blood. The fecal occult blood test can be used to detect the presence of blood in bowel movements or stool. Normal individuals do not have fecal occult blood. A positive fecal occult blood test may indicate problems in the digestive system, such as colon or rectal hyperplasia, polyps, or cancer.
View detailsHelicobacter pylori test
Helicobacter pylori (HP) tests are used to detect HP infection in the stomach and duodenum. Common testing methods include: Blood antibody test: This test checks for the presence of Helicobacter pylori antibodies in the blood. However, it can produce false-negative results. A positive result indicates that the patient may have been infected with HP in the past or is currently infected, but it cannot distinguish the specific infection status. Therefore, this test has certain limitations and is primarily used for epidemiological surveys of HP infection. Urea breath test: This involves orally administering 13C or 14C-labeled urea and then detecting the exhaled gas. It is simple, fast, accurate, and non-invasive. It is considered the gold standard for diagnosing Helicobacter pylori infection and evaluating the effectiveness of HP eradication, and it is widely used in clinical practice. Stool antigen test: Stool antigen detection is a non-invasive test suitable for all ages, especially infants, young children, and individuals with mental disorders. It can be used for HP infection, evaluating the effectiveness of HP eradication, and large-scale epidemiological surveys. Gastric biopsy: This involves taking tissue samples through gastroscopy to determine the presence of Helicobacter pylori infection. Due to the uneven distribution of Helicobacter pylori in the stomach or the small number and limited sites of gastric mucosal biopsy specimens, false-negative results can occur. Individuals with a high suspicion of HP infection should undergo a combined examination with the breath test.
View detailsColonoscopy
Colonoscopy, or electronic fiber colonoscopy, is a method of examining the inside of the lower digestive tract. A thin, flexible tube with a video camera at the tip is inserted through the anus, advanced retrograde into the rectum, and then upward to the terminal ileum. During the examination, the doctor can clearly visualize the internal conditions of the anal canal, rectum, sigmoid colon, colon, ileocecal region, and terminal ileum, identify abnormal mucosal manifestations, and record images of various areas according to standard operating procedures. If necessary, a tissue sample can also be taken for pathological examination to determine the nature of the lesion. Indications The following individuals require a colonoscopy: Unexplained lower gastrointestinal bleeding, chronic diarrhea, abnormal bowel movements, or low intestinal obstruction. Abnormal barium enema findings or unclear nature of lesions found during sigmoidoscopy. Abdominal masses requiring exclusion of large bowel or terminal ileum diseases. Colonic polyps, tumors with bleeding, or other lesions requiring endoscopic treatment. Patients who have undergone colon surgery or colonoscopic treatment and require regular follow-up colonoscopies. Screening for large bowel diseases. Differences between Painless Colonoscopy and Conventional Colonoscopy Painless Colonoscopy During the examination, the patient is sedated and analgesized intravenously, losing consciousness and entering a state of general anesthesia before the procedure. The advantage is that the patient experiences no discomfort and has good comfort. The disadvantages are the need for general anesthesia, which carries higher anesthetic risks for some patients with poor cardiopulmonary function, those with coughing and purulent sputum, and other special conditions, and the cost is higher. Conventional Colonoscopy No anesthesia is administered during the examination. The advantages are lower cost and no anesthesia-related risks. The disadvantages are discomfort during insertion, which can easily cause intestinal spasms and pain. Patients who cannot tolerate it often lead to examination failure.
View detailsGastroscopy
Gastroscopy, fully known as "electronic fiber gastro-duodenoscope," is a diagnostic procedure used to examine diseases within the upper gastrointestinal tract (including the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum). During a gastroscopy, a doctor inserts a thin, flexible tube with a video camera at its tip through the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and stomach, ultimately reaching the duodenum. Throughout this process, the internal lining of the upper gastrointestinal tract is visually inspected for any abnormalities or lesions. If necessary, the doctor can also directly take tissue samples from abnormal areas for pathological examination to determine the nature of the lesion. Indications Gastroscopy is recommended for the following individuals: Those with upper gastrointestinal symptoms, including epigastric discomfort, bloating, pain, heartburn and acid reflux, dysphagia, globus sensation, belching, hiccups, and unexplained loss of appetite, weight loss, anemia, etc. Those whose upper gastrointestinal barium meal examination cannot confirm the lesion or whose symptoms are inconsistent with the barium meal results. Those with unexplained acute or chronic upper gastrointestinal bleeding; the former may undergo emergency gastroscopy to determine the cause and perform hemostatic treatment. Those with lesions requiring follow-up, such as peptic ulcers, atrophic gastritis, precancerous lesions, or symptoms after gastric surgery. Screening for high-risk populations (areas with high incidence of esophageal cancer and gastric cancer). Those suitable for endoscopic treatment, such as gastric foreign bodies, gastric polyps, and esophageal and cardia strictures. Differences between Painless Gastroscopy and Conventional Gastroscopy Painless Gastroscopy Requires the involvement of an anesthesiologist. The patient is sedated and analgesized intravenously, losing consciousness and entering a state of general anesthesia before the examination. Anesthesia can prevent the gag reflex and reduce discomfort for the patient, allowing the doctor to complete the examination smoothly and calmly. The patient typically regains consciousness within 3 to 5 minutes after the examination. The disadvantages include higher cost and the various risks associated with general anesthesia. Conventional Gastroscopy No general anesthesia is administered during the examination; only topical anesthesia is applied to the pharynx to reduce the gag reflex, but it does not completely eliminate it.
View detailsHepatic encephalopathy
Hepatic encephalopathy is a syndrome of central nervous system dysfunction caused by severe acute or chronic liver disease, characterized by metabolic disturbances and altered consciousness or coma as the main clinical manifestations. It is more common in people over middle age. The main manifestations include personality changes, intellectual decline, and even coma.
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