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Surgery

Browse public condition summaries from China medical resources by stable specialty category.

771 conditionsPage 72 of 86

Internal MedicineEndocrinology

Diabetic foot

Diabetic foot is a serious complication in diabetic patients due to long-term hyperglycemia, which causes neuropathy and vascular disease in the feet, leading to insufficient blood supply and impaired sensation. This makes the feet prone to ulceration, which is difficult to heal and often accompanied by infection. The prevalence of foot ulcers in diabetic patients ranges from 4% to 10%. Diabetic foot is one of the severe complications that can lead to disability and death, characterized by difficult and costly treatment. If not treated early, the prognosis is often poor. Diabetic foot patients account for 40% to 60% of all non-traumatic lower limb amputations.

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Internal MedicineEndocrinology

Obesity

Obesity is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by excessive accumulation of body fat and/or abnormal fat distribution, usually accompanied by weight gain. The incidence of childhood obesity is increasing year by year. There are various methods to diagnose obesity, among which the more commonly used ones are Body Mass Index (BMI) and ideal body weight. BMI (kg/m^2) = weight (kg) / height (m)^2. A BMI between 24 and 27.9 indicates overweight; a BMI ≥ 28 indicates obesity; and a BMI ≥ 32 indicates severe obesity. Ideal body weight (kg) = height (cm) - 105 or = [height (cm) - 100] × 0.9 (for males) or × 0.85 (for females). Being 10.0% to 19.9% above ideal body weight is considered overweight; being 20.0% or more above ideal body weight is considered obese. Note: These two methods cannot accurately describe the distribution of body fat or differentiate between fat and muscle content. Therefore, individuals with well-developed muscles may be misdiagnosed.

Colonoscopy

Colonoscopy, or electronic fiber colonoscopy, is a method of examining the inside of the lower digestive tract. A thin, flexible tube with a video camera at the tip is inserted through the anus, advanced retrograde into the rectum, and then upward to the terminal ileum. During the examination, the doctor can clearly visualize the internal conditions of the anal canal, rectum, sigmoid colon, colon, ileocecal region, and terminal ileum, identify abnormal mucosal manifestations, and record images of various areas according to standard operating procedures. If necessary, a tissue sample can also be taken for pathological examination to determine the nature of the lesion. Indications The following individuals require a colonoscopy: Unexplained lower gastrointestinal bleeding, chronic diarrhea, abnormal bowel movements, or low intestinal obstruction. Abnormal barium enema findings or unclear nature of lesions found during sigmoidoscopy. Abdominal masses requiring exclusion of large bowel or terminal ileum diseases. Colonic polyps, tumors with bleeding, or other lesions requiring endoscopic treatment. Patients who have undergone colon surgery or colonoscopic treatment and require regular follow-up colonoscopies. Screening for large bowel diseases. Differences between Painless Colonoscopy and Conventional Colonoscopy Painless Colonoscopy During the examination, the patient is sedated and analgesized intravenously, losing consciousness and entering a state of general anesthesia before the procedure. The advantage is that the patient experiences no discomfort and has good comfort. The disadvantages are the need for general anesthesia, which carries higher anesthetic risks for some patients with poor cardiopulmonary function, those with coughing and purulent sputum, and other special conditions, and the cost is higher. Conventional Colonoscopy No anesthesia is administered during the examination. The advantages are lower cost and no anesthesia-related risks. The disadvantages are discomfort during insertion, which can easily cause intestinal spasms and pain. Patients who cannot tolerate it often lead to examination failure.

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Surgery

Diabetic foot

Obesity

Pituitary adenoma

Thyroiditis

Colonoscopy

Familial adenomatous polyposis

Duodenal diverticulum

Hypergastrinemia

Chronic pancreatitis