Public condition directory
Browse public condition summaries from China medical resources by stable specialty category.
Secondary kidney disease
Secondary kidney disease refers to a group of diseases in which systemic diseases lead to kidney damage, including hypertensive nephropathy, diabetic nephropathy, purpuric nephritis, lupus nephritis, hepatorenal syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis-related kidney damage, and malignant tumor-related kidney damage.
View detailsHematuria
Hematuria refers to the presence of red blood cells in the urine. It can be classified into microscopic hematuria and gross hematuria based on its severity. Microscopic hematuria means the urine color is normal, but red blood cells can be seen under a microscope. Gross hematuria means that abnormal urine color can be observed with the naked eye. Gross hematuria can appear as a "meat-wash" color, dark tea color, or red, and may even contain blood clots. However, red urine is not always hematuria, as normal individuals may have red urine after taking certain medications or foods, such as rifampicin, aminopyrine, porphyrin, or red dragon fruit. Most cases of hematuria are caused by lesions in the urinary tract, such as inflammation, stones, or tumors, while a small proportion of hematuria is caused by systemic diseases.
View detailsNutcracker syndrome
Nutcracker syndrome, also known as left renal vein compression syndrome, is a clinical condition caused by the compression of the left renal vein as it passes between other abdominal blood vessels (the abdominal aorta and superior mesenteric artery), forming an angle resembling a nutcracker. This condition is more common in children and individuals with a lean body type. The main symptom is hematuria (red-colored urine), usually without other discomfort, although left flank pain may sometimes occur.
Renal tubular disease
The kidneys are responsible for concentrating metabolic waste products and excreting urine. The renal tubules reabsorb water and various useful nutrients from the primary urine, which is crucial for regulating the body's water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance. When the reabsorption or transport function of the renal tubules is abnormal, renal tubular diseases can develop. Symptoms may include polydipsia, polyuria, frequent and urgent urination, difficulty urinating, and musculoskeletal pain.
View detailsProteinuria
Proteinuria refers to the presence of protein in the urine in amounts exceeding the normal range. Early-stage proteinuria cannot be detected by the naked eye and requires instrumental testing. As the protein content in the urine increases, patients may notice a large amount of persistent foam when urinating. However, it is important to note that foamy urine does not necessarily indicate proteinuria. The vast majority of proteinuria is caused by kidney disease or infection, leading to impaired kidney function. Some other systemic diseases or medications can also affect the kidneys and cause proteinuria, such as hypertension and diabetes. Additionally, certain extreme situations in daily life, such as severe dehydration, immense stress, or strenuous exercise, can also lead to proteinuria.
View detailsChronic glomerulonephritis
Chronic glomerulonephritis is a group of glomerular diseases characterized by slow progression and eventual development to end-stage renal disease. There are various types of chronic glomerulonephritis, with IgA nephropathy being the most common in China. It can occur at any age, but predominantly affects young and middle-aged males, presenting with hematuria, proteinuria, hypertension, and edema as basic clinical manifestations.
View detailsChronic renal failure
Chronic renal failure is the end-stage outcome of various chronic kidney diseases, characterized by impaired renal function, retention of metabolic products, and imbalance of the body's internal environment.
View detailsInterstitial nephritis
Interstitial nephritis is a general term for a group of diseases primarily characterized by histological and functional abnormalities of the renal tubules and interstitium. It manifests as hematuria, oliguria, renal insufficiency, fever, joint pain, back pain, rash, and other symptoms.
View detailsPyelonephritis
The urinary tract is divided into the upper and lower urinary tracts. The upper urinary tract includes the renal calyces, renal pelvis, and ureters, while the lower urinary tract includes the bladder and urethra. Inflammation of the renal pelvis due to infection is called pyelonephritis, which is a common upper urinary tract infection. The incidence of pyelonephritis is significantly higher in females than in males, especially among women of childbearing age, and it is also common in elderly women. The main symptoms include fever, chills, and lower back pain.
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