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2553 conditionsPage 228 of 284

Internal MedicineEndocrinology

Uric acid

Uric acid is the end product of purine metabolism in the human body, primarily derived from the breakdown of nucleic acids from old cells, other purine compounds, and purines from food. Uric acid is mainly excreted from the body through the kidneys. Uric acid tests can be performed through blood or urine: Blood test: This is more common and involves drawing blood to measure blood uric acid levels. Urine test: Patients with hyperuricemia or gout also need to undergo urine uric acid testing. This helps assess whether the condition is due to decreased uric acid excretion or increased uric acid production, which is crucial for clinical subtyping of hyperuricemia and gout and guiding medication.

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Internal MedicineEndocrinology

Calcemia

A blood calcium test measures the amount of calcium in the blood. Over 99% of the body's calcium is stored in bones as calcium phosphate or calcium carbonate, with the remaining approximately 1% found in soft tissues and extracellular fluid. The amount of calcium in the blood is very small and primarily exists as protein-bound calcium, complexed calcium (calcium bound to anions), and free calcium. Blood calcium levels are usually tightly regulated. When blood calcium levels are low (hypocalcemia), bones release more calcium to help restore normal levels. When blood calcium levels are high (hypercalcemia), excess calcium is stored in bones or excreted in urine or feces. The body's calcium levels typically depend on several factors: Dietary calcium intake. Intestinal absorption of calcium and vitamin D. Phosphate levels in the body. Levels of certain hormones in the body, such as parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and estrogen.

Blood sugar

Glucose in the blood is called blood sugar. Glucose is an important component of the human body and a vital source of energy. A normal human body requires a large amount of sugar daily to provide energy for the proper functioning of various tissues and organs. Therefore, blood sugar must be maintained at a certain level to meet the needs of all organs and tissues in the body. Blood glucose tests come in various forms, including venous blood glucose, capillary blood glucose, interstitial fluid glucose, and arterial blood glucose. The first two are the most commonly used. This article primarily focuses on venous blood glucose. Venous blood glucose: Blood drawn from a vein in the elbow or other sites, and the measured glucose is called venous blood glucose, or more precisely, venous plasma glucose. Capillary blood glucose: Blood drawn from the earlobe or fingertip, and the measured glucose is called capillary blood glucose. Due to numerous factors influencing capillary blood glucose, it is generally not used as a basis for diagnosing diabetes, but rather as a reference for blood glucose monitoring and treatment adjustment in diabetic patients. Based on the relationship with food intake, venous blood glucose can be classified as: Fasting venous blood glucose: Blood glucose measured in the morning after waking up, in a fasting state. 1-hour postprandial venous blood glucose: Blood glucose measured 1 hour after the first bite of a meal. 2-hour postprandial venous blood glucose: Blood glucose measured 2 hours after the first bite of a meal. Random venous blood glucose: Venous blood glucose measured at any time, regardless of fasting or post-meal status. OGTT 1-hour blood glucose: OGTT stands for "Oral Glucose Tolerance Test," which is a test to measure venous blood glucose before and after consuming a sugar solution containing 75 g of anhydrous glucose. It is the standard test for diagnosing diabetes. OGTT 1-hour blood glucose refers to the venous blood glucose measured 1 hour after the first sip of the sugar solution. OGTT 2-hour blood glucose: Refers to the venous blood glucose measured 2 hours after the first sip of the sugar solution.

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Disease Database

Uric acid

Calcemia

Blood vitamin D

Bone density

Blood sugar

Thyroid function

Graves' ophthalmopathy

Graves' disease

Iodine deficiency