Fundus examination
Fundus examination
Fundus examination involves using ophthalmic equipment to examine the posterior structures of the eye, including the vitreous, retina, and optic nerve. The primary methods of examination are direct ophthalmoscopy and indirect ophthalmoscopy. Direct Ophthalmoscopy: This examination is performed in a darkened room, and the patient is asked to remove their glasses. The doctor will instruct the patient to look straight ahead and keep their head still. A direct ophthalmoscope is then used to shine a light into the eye. The ophthalmoscope contains 2 or 3 small lenses that allow visualization of the inside of the eye. Pupillary dilation is generally not required before the examination; however, if the fundus is difficult to visualize, mydriatic drugs may be administered, but these are strictly contraindicated in patients with glaucoma. Indirect Ophthalmoscopy: This method typically requires prior pupillary dilation. The indirect ophthalmoscope is worn on the doctor's head, resembling a headlamp. The doctor will ask the patient to lie down or recline, then gently separate the eyelids while shining a light into the eye. This method allows the doctor to better observe the entire retina, including the anterior parts of the eye that are difficult to visualize with other methods. This examination can be combined with scleral depression, a technique that allows visualization of the outer edges of the retina, enabling the doctor to check for peripheral retinal tears or detachments.
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